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Since the turn of the last century when the field of catalysis was born, iron and cobalt have been key players in numerous catalysis processes. These metals, due to their ability to activate CO and CH, haev a major economic impact worldwide. Several industrial processes and synthetic routes use these metals: biomass-to-liquids (BTL), coal-to-liquids (CTL), natural gas-to-liquids (GTL), water-gas-shift, alcohol synthesis, alcohol steam reforming, polymerization processes, cross-coupling reactions, and photocatalyst activated reactions. A vast number of materials are produced from these processes, including oil, lubricants, waxes, diesel and jet fuels, hydrogen (e.g., fuel cell applications), gasoline, rubbers, plastics, alcohols, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, feed-stock chemicals, and other alternative materials. However, given the true complexities of the variables involved in these processes, many key mechanistic issues are still not fully defined or understood. This Special Issue of Catalysis will be a collaborative effort to combine current catalysis research on these metals from experimental and theoretical perspectives on both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. We welcome contributions from the catalysis community on catalyst characterization, kinetics, reaction mechanism, reactor development, theoretical modeling, and surface science.

polynuclear cobalt complexes --- water oxidation --- artificial photosynthesis --- Fe/Cu catalytic-ceramic-filler --- nitrobenzene compounds wastewater --- pilot-scale test --- biodegradability-improvement --- Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) --- oxygenates --- iron --- cobalt --- ruthenium --- Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) distribution --- Fischer–Tropsch --- catalyst deactivation --- potassium --- liquid-phase catalytic oxidation --- limonene --- carvone --- zeolitic imidazolate frameworks --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis --- chain growth --- CO insertion --- kinetic isotope effect --- DFT --- hydrogenation of CO --- iron catalysts --- syngas --- monometallic iron catalysts --- Fischer–Tropsch product distribution --- reaction mechanism --- catalysis --- process synthesis and design --- energy conversion --- iron–cobalt bimetal catalysts --- electrochemical application --- hydrogen evolution --- oxygen evolution --- oxygen reduction --- RWGS --- iron oxides --- CO2 conversion --- gas-switching --- Synthetic natural gas (SNG) --- Cobalt --- Iron --- C2–C4 hydrocarbons --- paraffin ratio --- asymmetric hydrogenation --- homogeneous catalysis --- structural design --- conformational analysis --- NMR spectroscopy --- alumina --- strong metal support interactions --- CO2 hydrogenation --- pressure --- temperature --- cobalt carboxylate --- coating --- autoxidation --- alkyd --- siccative --- polymerization --- manganese --- Fischer–Tropsch synthesis --- modeling --- kinetics --- Co --- Al2O3 --- Pt --- Cd --- In --- Sn --- hydrocarbon selectivity --- synergic effect --- GTL --- additives --- reducibility --- XANES --- mesoporous silica based catalysts --- kinetic studies --- 3-D printed microchannel microreactor --- cobalt–nickel nanoparticles --- cobalt–nickel alloys --- nickel --- HAADF-STEM --- TPR-EXAFS/XANES --- CO hydrogenation --- CSTR --- n/a --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) --- Fischer-Tropsch --- Fischer-Tropsch product distribution --- iron-cobalt bimetal catalysts --- C2-C4 hydrocarbons --- cobalt-nickel nanoparticles --- cobalt-nickel alloys

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Nineteenth-century female congregation founders could achieve levels of autonomy, power and prestige that were beyond reach for most women of their time. With a subject hidden for a long time behind a curtain of modesty and mystery, this book recounts the fascinating but ambiguous life stories of four Belgian religious women. A close reading of their personal writings unveils their conflicted existence: ambitious, engaged and bold on the one hand, suffering and isolated on the other, they were both victims and promotors of a nineteenth-century ideal of female submission. As religious and social entrepreneurs these women played an influential role in the revival of the church and the development of education, health care and social provisions in modern Belgium. But, equally well, they were bound to rigid gender patterns and adherents of an ultramontane church ideology that fundamentally distrusted modern society.

C2 --- religieuzen --- vrouwen --- geloofsleven --- KADOC - Documentatie- en Onderzoekscentrum voor Religie, Cultuur en Samenleving (1977-) --- Religieuze instituten --- Christian religious orders --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Autonomie. --- Frau. --- Geschlechterforschung. --- Ordensgründerin. --- Unterdrückung. --- Katholische Kirche. --- Belgien. --- Nuns --- Women in the Catholic Church --- Religieuses --- Femmes dans l'Eglise catholique --- History --- Histoire --- Feminist theology --- Theology, Feminist --- Theology, Doctrinal --- Sisters (in religious orders, congregations, etc.) --- Christians --- Monasticism and religious orders for women --- Women in the Catholic Church. --- Feminist theology. --- History. --- Kloosterleven--België--geschiedenis --- Vrouwen --- 245.4 --- Kloosterwezen--België--geschiedenis --- Vrouwen in de kerk --- Belgium --- Bäigien --- Baljīk --- Belchica --- Belçika --- Belçika Krallığı --- Beldjym --- Belezi --- Belga Királyság --- Beļgeja --- Belghia --- Belʹgi --- Bèlgia --- Belgia Kuningriik --- Bélgica --- Belgice --- Belgice Cynerīce --- Belgické královstv --- Belgi --- Belgien --- Bélgii Bikéyah --- Belgii͡ --- Belʹgii͡a Korollege --- Belgija --- Beļg̓ijas Karaliste --- Belgijos Karalyst --- Belgijsk --- Belgika --- Belgio --- Belgique --- Belgiska --- Belgiya --- Belgiyah --- Belgje --- Belgjiche --- Belgjo --- Belgujo --- Belʹhii͡ --- Belhika --- Bèljik --- Beljika --- Belʹjmudin Nutg --- Belsch --- Belsj --- Bélxica --- Berug --- Bheilg --- Bilgasuyu --- Bilhika Qhapaqsuyu --- Bilkiya --- Gwlad Belg --- Igihugu cyʼUbubirigi --- Karaleŭstva Belʹhii͡ --- Keuninkriek Belsj --- Kingdom of Belgium --- Kinigraich Bäigien --- Kinnekräich Belsch --- Kongeriget Belgien --- Königreich Belgien --- Königriich Belgie --- Koninkrijk Belgi --- Koninkrijk van Belgi --- Koninkryk van Belgi --- Kraljevina Belgija --- Kralojstwo Belgiskej --- Mamlakat Baljīk --- Mamlekhet Belgiyah --- Nsi ya ntotila ya Belezi --- Pelekiuma --- Pow Belg --- Reeriaght ny Belg --- Reĝlando Belgio --- Regne de Bèlgica --- Regno del Belgio --- Reino de Belchica --- Reino de Bélgica --- Reinu de Bélxica --- Ríocht na Beilge --- Rìoghachd na Beilge --- Royaume de Belgique --- Royômo de Bèlg·ique --- Ruwvaneth Belgek --- Teyrnas Gwlad Belg --- Ubelgiji --- Ububiligi --- Ububirigi --- Ufalme wa Ubelgiji --- Vasileio tou Velgiou --- Vãsilia di Belghia --- Velg --- Velgio --- Meeûs, Anna de, --- Kestre, Fanny, --- Cornet, Antoinette, --- Telghuys, Wilhelmina, --- Börngen, ... --- Katholische Kirche --- 1800-1899 --- Börngen, ... --- ... --- Düsseldorf --- Leser, Rosalie --- De Meeûs, Anna, --- Katolikus Egyház --- RCC --- Katoličeskaj Cerkovʹ --- Katoličke Cerkve --- Katolska Cyrkej --- Katolske Kirke --- Ecclesia Catholica --- Igreja Católica --- Römisch-Katholische Kirche --- Katholikē Ekklēsia --- Catholic Church --- Roman Catholic Church --- Eglise Catholique --- Eglise Catholique Romaine --- Chiesa Cattolica --- Katholieke Kerk --- Iglesia Católica --- Katolické Církve --- Kościoł Katolicki --- Katoličke Crkve --- Eglise catholique romaine --- Chiesa cattolica romana --- Roman catholic Church --- Eglise catholique --- Römische Kirche --- Kirche --- Katholizismus --- Unierte Ostkirchen